{"id":8600,"date":"2026-08-31T16:13:21","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T13:13:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/subtext-lab.com\/?p=8600"},"modified":"2026-08-31T16:13:49","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T13:13:49","slug":"human-trafficking-in-romania","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/subtext-lab.com\/en\/human-trafficking-in-romania\/","title":{"rendered":"Human trafficking in Romania | Subtext"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group ai-summarization-summary has-border-color has-palette-color-5-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:2px;border-top-left-radius:40px;border-top-right-radius:40px;border-bottom-left-radius:40px;border-bottom-right-radius:40px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-icon-label stk-block-icon-label stk-block stk-5b8d8c0\" data-block-id=\"5b8d8c0\"><style>.stk-5b8d8c0 .stk-inner-blocks{gap:15px !important;}.stk-5b8d8c0 {margin-bottom:18px !important;}<\/style><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-icon stk-block-icon has-text-align-left stk-block stk-715d8ce\" data-block-id=\"715d8ce\"><style>.stk-715d8ce .stk--svg-wrapper .stk--inner-svg svg:last-child, .stk-715d8ce .stk--svg-wrapper .stk--inner-svg svg:last-child :is(g, path, rect, polygon, ellipse){fill:var(--theme-palette-color-9, CT_CSS_SKIP_RULE) !important;}<\/style><span class=\"stk--svg-wrapper\"><div class=\"stk--inner-svg\"><svg style=\"height:0;width:0\"><defs><lineargradient id=\"linear-gradient-715d8ce\" x1=\"0\" x2=\"100%\" y1=\"0\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0%\" style=\"stop-opacity:1;stop-color:var(--linear-gradient-715-d-8-ce-color-1)\"><\/stop><stop offset=\"100%\" style=\"stop-opacity:1;stop-color:var(--linear-gradient-715-d-8-ce-color-2)\"><\/stop><\/lineargradient><\/defs><\/svg><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 512\" aria-hidden=\"true\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M320 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V96H472c39.8 0 72 32.2 72 72V440c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72H168c-39.8 0-72-32.2-72-72V168c0-39.8 32.2-72 72-72H288V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM208 384c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16h32c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16H208zm96 0c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16h32c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16H304zm96 0c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16h32c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16H400zM264 256a40 40 0 1 0 -80 0 40 40 0 1 0 80 0zm152 40a40 40 0 1 0 0-80 40 40 0 1 0 0 80zM48 224H64V416H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V272c0-26.5 21.5-48 48-48zm544 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48v96c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H576V224h16z\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-heading stk-block-heading stk-block-heading--v2 stk-block stk-32c8fee\" id=\"ai-summary\" data-block-id=\"32c8fee\"><style>.stk-32c8fee .stk-block-heading__text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4, #171010) !important;}<\/style><h4 class=\"stk-block-heading__text has-text-color\">AI SUMMARY<\/h4><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Romania remains one of the main countries of origin for victims of human trafficking in the EU, despite a relatively low level of violent crime. In 2020\u20132024, 2662 victims were identified, about half of whom were children, predominantly exploited sexually or through forced labor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Human trafficking is fueled by poverty, hidden unemployment, social inequality, the vulnerability of the Roma population, corruption, and weak coordination of institutions. Criminal groups recruit citizens under the guise of work abroad and use the free movement within the Schengen area for their transportation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to <a href=\"https:\/\/subtext-lab.com\/en\/research\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/subtext-lab.com\/research\/\">studies of developing countries, <\/a>we add to the pool of analytical materials <strong>monitoring the criminal situation in the countries of the European Union<\/strong>, with a focus on the impact of crime on vulnerable populations: youth, rural communities, migrants, and low-income individuals.<br><br>We believe that challenges for security systems persist in the EU \u2014 both from <strong>transnational organized crime<\/strong>, and from <strong>jihadist movements<\/strong>, which continue to exert influence in certain countries.<br><br>The first study in the EU block is dedicated to <strong>Romania<\/strong>.<br><br>Romania remains a key country of origin for victims of human trafficking and labor exploitation in the EU. Moreover, the country is often used as a <strong>buffer zone<\/strong> by transnational organized crime groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-heading stk-block-heading stk-block-heading--v2 stk-block stk-4adca9f\" id=\"strong-\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435-\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438-strong\" data-block-id=\"4adca9f\"><style>.stk-4adca9f .stk-block-heading__text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4, #171010) !important;}<\/style><h2 class=\"stk-block-heading__text has-text-color\"><strong>Current state of crime<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At present, the Balkans are significantly safer than in the early 2000s. The consequences of the Yugoslav conflicts have weakened, and the accession of most countries in the region to the EU has strengthened institutions and allowed for more effective combat against organized crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When considering Romania, the country remains relatively safe in terms of <strong>violent crimes<\/strong> and <strong>incidents involving weapons<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, Romania remains <strong>a key country of origin for victims of human trafficking in Europe<\/strong> and an important territory for transnational crime \u2014 primarily due to <strong>weak democratic institutions<\/strong> and <strong>corruption<\/strong> among law enforcement representatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Romania is also not a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economica.net\/cati-saraci-sunt-in-romania-care-sunt-regiunile-cele-mai-afectate-si-categoriile-cele-mai-expuse-date-ins_954563.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.economica.net\/cati-saraci-sunt-in-romania-care-sunt-regiunile-cele-mai-afectate-si-categoriile-cele-mai-expuse-date-ins_954563.html\">wealthy <\/a>country within the EU:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>about <strong>2 million Romanians<\/strong> are in a vulnerable financial situation (approximately <strong>27% of the population<\/strong>),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>about <strong>3 million<\/strong> people live in relative poverty, earning an average of <strong>410 euros per month<\/strong>, which significantly lags behind the average gross salary in developed EU countries (<strong>about 3300 euros<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result, many citizens facing financial difficulties become <strong>victims of organized crime groups<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the period <strong>2020\u20132024<\/strong> in Romania, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/anti-human-trafficking\/-\/greta-publishes-its-fourth-report-on-romania\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/anti-human-trafficking\/-\/greta-publishes-its-fourth-report-on-romania\">2662 victims of human trafficking were <\/a><strong>identified<\/strong>. <strong>Half of the victims are children.<\/strong> Often, they were used for sexual exploitation in Western European countries. In addition to sexual exploitation, cases of forced labor are recorded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-call-to-action stk-block-call-to-action stk-block stk-0cd26e0 stk-block-background stk--background-scheme--scheme-default-1 is-style-default stk--has-background-overlay\" data-v=\"2\" data-block-id=\"0cd26e0\"><style>.stk-0cd26e0-inner-blocks{align-items:center !important;}.stk-0cd26e0 {background-color:linear-gradient(120deg, #fdfbfb 0%, #ebedee 100%) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;overflow:hidden !important;box-shadow:0 5px 30px -10px #123f524d !important;max-width:800px !important;min-width:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-bottom:0px !important;margin-left:auto !important;}.stk-0cd26e0:before{background-image:linear-gradient(120deg, #fdfbfb 0%, #ebedee 100%) !important;}.stk-0cd26e0 .stk-block-call-to-action__content{min-height:var(--stk--preset--block-height--none, 0px) !important;}@media screen and (max-width:689px){.stk-0cd26e0 {border-top-left-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;overflow:hidden !important;min-height:var(--stk--preset--block-height--none, 0px) !important;}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-block-call-to-action__content stk-content-align stk-0cd26e0-column stk-container stk-0cd26e0-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"has-text-align-center stk--column-flex stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-0cd26e0-inner-blocks\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-heading stk-block-heading stk-block-heading--v2 stk-block stk-151b8f2\" id=\"\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c-br-\u043d\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u0448-x\" data-block-id=\"151b8f2\"><style>.stk-151b8f2 {align-items:center !important;margin-bottom:15px !important;display:flex !important;}.stk-151b8f2 .stk-block-heading__text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4, #171010) !important;}@media screen and (max-width:689px){.stk-151b8f2 .stk-block-heading__text{line-height:1.35em !important;}}<\/style><h3 class=\"stk-block-heading__text has-text-color has-text-align-center\">Subscribe <br>to our X!<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-text stk-block-text stk-block stk-f3c869f\" data-block-id=\"f3c869f\"><style>.stk-f3c869f {border-top-left-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;overflow:hidden !important;}.stk-f3c869f .stk-block-text__text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4, #171010) !important;}@media screen and (max-width:689px){.stk-f3c869f .stk-block-text__text{font-size:14px !important;line-height:1.35em !important;}}<\/style><p class=\"stk-block-text__text has-text-color\">We publish only important <br>and verified information<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-button-group stk-block-button-group stk-block stk-fab275e\" data-block-id=\"fab275e\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-button-group\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-button stk-block-button stk-block stk-d8802d8\" data-block-id=\"d8802d8\"><style>.stk-d8802d8 .stk-button .stk--inner-svg svg:last-child{height:30px !important;width:30px !important;}<\/style><a class=\"stk-link stk-button\" href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/Subtext_buro\"><span class=\"stk--svg-wrapper\"><div class=\"stk--inner-svg\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" aria-hidden=\"true\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/span><span class=\"stk-button__inner-text\">Subscribe EN<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-heading stk-block-heading stk-block-heading--v2 stk-block stk-6b17fcd\" id=\"strong-\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443-\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430-\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439-\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438-\u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438-strong\" data-block-id=\"6b17fcd\"><style>.stk-6b17fcd .stk-block-heading__text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4, #171010) !important;}<\/style><h2 class=\"stk-block-heading__text has-text-color\"><strong>Why Romania became a starting point for human trafficking<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Romania combines <strong>geographical location<\/strong>, <strong>socio-economic inequality<\/strong> and <strong>weak democratic institutions<\/strong>. These factors are effectively exploited by criminal groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In large cities such as Bucharest, economic growth and high employment are observed. However, the situation is different in rural areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The overall unemployment rate <a href=\"https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/romania\/unemployment-rate\/news\/571036\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/romania\/unemployment-rate\/news\/571036\">is <\/a><strong>6,3%<\/strong>, but in rural regions and small towns there is <strong>hidden unemployment<\/strong>: part of the population lacks stable employment and lives on random earnings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is precisely <strong>unemployed youth<\/strong> that becomes a key target for criminal groups. It is significantly easier to recruit a young person from a small depressed town than a student from Bucharest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recruiters offer jobs abroad. Girls are promised a \u00abmodel career\u00bb or work as housekeepers for wealthy Europeans. The amounts offered exceed the average salary in Romania several times. Due to the lack of prospects, young people agree and find themselves completely dependent on organized crime groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their passports, mobile phones are taken away, and their freedom of movement is restricted. Victims are often introduced to illegal substances to enhance control. Thus, criminal syndicates control not only the physical body but also the identity of the victim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Criminals also exploit the fact that Romania is an EU member. The freedom of movement of labor within the union significantly facilitates the export of victims under the guise of labor migrants. This allows transporting victims without visa procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sometimes recruited Romanian citizens are sent to Middle Eastern countries: for this, they are first transported to Spain or Italy, from where they are further transferred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A separate problem is <strong>the weakness of institutions<\/strong>. Reports from the Group of States against Corruption note insufficient coordination between the police and the prosecutor's office. In certain regions, corruption among representatives of power is recorded, which facilitates the work of criminal groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-heading stk-block-heading stk-block-heading--v2 stk-block stk-ab1733b\" id=\"strong-\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f-\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430-strong\" data-block-id=\"ab1733b\"><style>.stk-ab1733b .stk-block-heading__text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4, #171010) !important;}<\/style><h2 class=\"stk-block-heading__text has-text-color\"><strong>Marginalization of the Roma minority<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should be noted separately that a significant proportion of victims are representatives of the <strong>Roma minority<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Officially, the Roma number from <strong>500 <\/strong>up to <strong>600 thousand people<\/strong>. The poverty level among the Roma reaches <strong>68%<\/strong>, which is significantly higher than the national average. Only <strong>30% of children<\/strong> of the Roma community finish school. Many live in segregated areas with limited access to basic services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Group of Experts of the Council of Europe on Trafficking in Human Beings notes that <strong>a significant portion of victims are representatives of the Roma community<\/strong>, with a substantial share being children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We will prepare a separate study dedicated to the Roma community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-heading stk-block-heading stk-block-heading--v2 stk-block stk-ddb157b\" id=\"strong-\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-strong\" data-block-id=\"ddb157b\"><style>.stk-ddb157b .stk-block-heading__text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4, #171010) !important;}<\/style><h2 class=\"stk-block-heading__text has-text-color\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We have consciously expanded the pool of studies. Using Romania as an example, we examined one of the key issues of the EU \u2014 <strong>exploitation and trafficking in human beings<\/strong>, which directly affects youth, poor families, and marginalized communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is also worth noting that events in the Middle East and Africa continue to influence the EU \u2014 both through migration processes and through the rise of radical movements among some youth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-call-to-action stk-block-call-to-action stk-block stk-dd843d4 stk-block-background stk--background-scheme--scheme-default-1 is-style-default stk--has-background-overlay\" data-v=\"2\" data-block-id=\"dd843d4\"><style>.stk-dd843d4-inner-blocks{align-items:center !important;}.stk-dd843d4 {background-color:linear-gradient(120deg, #fdfbfb 0%, #ebedee 100%) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) 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.stk-block-heading__text{line-height:1.35em !important;}}<\/style><h3 class=\"stk-block-heading__text has-text-color has-text-align-center\">Subscribe <br>to our Telegram!<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-text stk-block-text stk-block stk-8a99f16\" data-block-id=\"8a99f16\"><style>.stk-8a99f16 {border-top-left-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--stk--preset--border-radius--large, 16px) !important;overflow:hidden !important;}.stk-8a99f16 .stk-block-text__text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4, #171010) !important;}@media screen and (max-width:689px){.stk-8a99f16 .stk-block-text__text{font-size:14px !important;line-height:1.35em !important;}}<\/style><p class=\"stk-block-text__text has-text-color\">We publish only important <br>and verified information<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-button-group stk-block-button-group stk-block stk-479d6a0\" data-block-id=\"479d6a0\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-button-group\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-button stk-block-button stk-block stk-5adc619\" data-block-id=\"5adc619\"><style>.stk-5adc619 .stk-button .stk--inner-svg svg:last-child{height:30px !important;width:30px !important;}<\/style><a class=\"stk-link stk-button\" href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/podtekst_stroki\"><span class=\"stk--svg-wrapper\"><div class=\"stk--inner-svg\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 496 512\" aria-hidden=\"true\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path 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\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0415\u0421 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","dsgo_overlay_header":false,"dsgo_overlay_header_text_color":"","dsgo_overlay_skip_top_bar":false,"_designsetgo_exclude_llms":false,"wds_primary_category":270,"wpai_meta_description":"\u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0451\u0436\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 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